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Spina Bifida means cleft spine, which is an incomplete closure in the spinal column. There are three types of spina bifida from mild to severe: (1) Spina Bifida Occulta There is an opening in one or more of the vertebra (bones) of the spinal column without apparent damage to the spinal cord; (2) Meningocele The meninges, or protective covering around the spinal cord, has pushed out through the opening in the vertebrae in a sac called "meningocele". However, the spinal cord remains intact. This form can be repaired with little or no damage to the nerve pathways; (3) Myelomningocele This is the most severe form of spina bifida, in which a portion of the spinal cord itself protrudes through the back. In some cases, sacs are covered with skin; in others, tissue and nerves are exposed. Generally, people use the terms "spina bifida" and "myelomeningocele" interchangeably. The effects of myelomeningocele, the most serious form of spina bifida, may include muscle weakness or paralysis below the area of the spine where the incomplete closure (or cleft) occurs, loss of sensation below the cleft, and loss of bowel and bladder control. In addition, fluid may build up and cause an accumulation of fluid in the brain (a condition known as hydrocephalus). Hydrocephalus is controlled by surgical procedure called "shunting", which relieves the fluid buildup in the brain. If the drain (shunt) is not implanted, the pressure buildup can cause brain damage, seizures, or blindness. Hydrocephalus may occur without spina bifida, but the two conditions often occur together.
This information was provided by the National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY). Learn more about spina bifida from the Spina Bifida Association of America at www.sbaa.org .)
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